KOBRIN, MOSES BEN ISRAEL POLIER OF

KOBRIN, MOSES BEN ISRAEL POLIER OF (1784–1858), ḥasidic rabbi. He was a disciple of the ẓaddikim Mordecai and Noah of Lachowicze (Lyakhovichi) ; on the latter's death he became rabbi of the ḥasidic community in kobrin and its vicinity. Moses was particularly known for his virtues of truthfulness, humility, and the bearing of suffering with love. He did not insist on fasts and ascetic practices. His sayings were short and to the point, and he influenced and educated his congregation of Ḥasidim by proverbs and examples. He placed great importance on the personal link between the Ḥasid and the ẓaddik, who is "like a branch to a tree," but "the ẓaddik will be answerable for every single step that the hasid makes in his direction." He wrote his Ḥasidim letters of encouragement when they were in distress. He had adherents in Ereẓ Israel among the Ḥasidim of kolel Lyakhovichi. His sayings are collected in Amarot Tehorot (1910). His successor in Kobrin was his grandson NOAH NAPHTALI (d. 1889); his sayings and maxims entitled Ma'amarim Tehorim are published with the sayings of his grandfather in Amarot Tehorot (1910). Kobrin Ḥasidism declined in his day owing to competition from the growing adherence to slonim Ḥasidim. Noah Naphtali was succeeded by his sons DAVID SOLOMON (d. 1918), who remained ḥasidic rabbi in Kobrin, and AARON (d. 1907), who settled in the townlet Domachevo. The son of David Solomon, MOSES AARON, led the Ḥasidim of Kobrin until the Holocaust, in which he perished in 1942. David Solomon's son-in-law, BARUCH JOSEPH ZAK (d. 1949), the last to hold the title of "Rabbi of Kobrin," led a group of Kobrin Ḥasidim who emigrated to the United States. -BIBLIOGRAPHY: B. Schwarz and I.H. Biletzky (ed.), Sefer Kobrin (1951); W. Rabinowitsch, Lithuanian Ḥasidism (1970); M. Buber, Tales of the Hasidim, 2 (1966), 159–73. (Wolf Zeev Rabinowitsch) KOBRIN, SOLOMON KOBRIN, SOLOMON (1910–1996), U.S. criminologist. Born in Chicago, Kobrin received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Chicago and a Ph.D. from the University of Southern California (USC). He pioneered ecological studies of juvenile delinquency at the Chicago Institute for Juvenile Research and contributed significantly to the development of modern theories on delinquency and rehabilitation. His research focused on the sociology of street gangs; the study of deviant behavior; and methods to evaluate programs for crime control, delinquency prevention, and juvenile justice. During the 1940s he helped to organize an innovative project at the Illinois Institute for Juvenile Research that worked to mobilize community residents to provide recreational and other constructive activities for youths in Chicago neighborhoods with high delinquency rates. Kobrin headed the institute's Division of Social Systems Analysis. He later served as a member of the President's Committee on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (1955–56). In 1967 he joined the sociology faculty of USC's College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences. He also worked as a senior research associate at USC's Social Science Research Institute. In the 1970s he was a consultant to the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. He served on an advisory board to evaluate addict-treatment centers for the U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity (1971); was a consultant to the California Council on Criminal Justice (1972); and chaired the HEW Task Force on Youth Development and Delinquency Prevention Administration (1973).   After he retired from teaching and received emeritus status in 1975, he continued his research activities at the institute. In 1977, he received the American Society of Criminology's Edwin H. Sutherland Award for his outstanding research achievements. He was president of the Illinois Academy of Criminology (1958) and the California Association for Criminal Justice Research (1975). Kobrin wrote several influential books on delinquency prevention and crime control, including Interaction between Neighborhood Change and Criminal Activity (with L. Schuerman, 1988) and Community Treatment of Juvenile Offenders (with M. Klein, 1983). (Ruth Beloff (2nd ed.)